Reply to comments on “Evaporation estimation using artificial neural networks and adaptive neurofuzzy inference system techniques” by A. Moghaddamnia,M. Ghafari Gousheh,J. Piri,S. Amin and D. Han [Adv. Water Resour. 32 (2009) 88–97]     

D. Han 《Advances in water resources》2009

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Stringed vertical gravimetric gradient meter     

D. G. Taimazov 《Seismic Instruments》2009,45(1):115-118

A vertical gravimetric gradient meter is described that is presented by the author and uses large hydrostatic forces with metacenters dispersed along the vertical coordinate and a weak-loaded string converter for actuating on test object in opposite directions. The calculating accuracy of the gradiometer is about ±0.10 E. The possibility of using the gradient meter for precision gravimetric experiments is shown.  相似文献   

An easily implemented agro-hydrological procedure with dynamic root simulation for water transfer in the crop–soil system: Validation and application     

Dejun Yang  Tuqiao Zhang  Kefeng Zhang  Duncan J. Greenwood  John P. Hammond  Philip J. White 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,370(1-4):177-190

Models for water transfer in the crop–soil system are key components of agro-hydrological models for irrigation, fertilizer and pesticide practices. Many of the hydrological models for water transfer in the crop–soil system are either too approximate due to oversimplified algorithms or employ complex numerical schemes. In this paper we developed a simple and sufficiently accurate algorithm which can be easily adopted in agro-hydrological models for the simulation of water dynamics. We used a dual crop coefficient approach proposed by the FAO for estimating potential evaporation and transpiration, and a dynamic model for calculating relative root length distribution on a daily basis. In a small time step of 0.001 d, we implemented algorithms separately for actual evaporation, root water uptake and soil water content redistribution by decoupling these processes. The Richards equation describing soil water movement was solved using an integration strategy over the soil layers instead of complex numerical schemes. This drastically simplified the procedures of modeling soil water and led to much shorter computer codes. The validity of the proposed model was tested against data from field experiments on two contrasting soils cropped with wheat. Good agreement was achieved between measurement and simulation of soil water content in various depths collected at intervals during crop growth. This indicates that the model is satisfactory in simulating water transfer in the crop–soil system, and therefore can reliably be adopted in agro-hydrological models. Finally we demonstrated how the developed model could be used to study the effect of changes in the environment such as lowering the groundwater table caused by the construction of a motorway on crop transpiration.  相似文献   

Comparative analysis of fuzzy inference systems for water consumption time series prediction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mahmut Firat  Mustafa Erkan Turan  Mehmet Ali Yurdusev   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,374(3-4):235-241

Two types of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are used for predicting municipal water consumption time series. The FISs used include an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and a Mamdani fuzzy inference systems (MFIS). The prediction models are constructed based on the combination of the antecedent values of water consumptions. The performance of ANFIS and MFIS models in training and testing phases are compared with the observations and the best fit model is identified according to the selected performance criteria. The results demonstrated that the ANFIS model is superior to MFIS models and can be successfully applied for prediction of water consumption time series.  相似文献   

结构地震响应分析新方法     

张石磊  王焕定  张晓志  于祥涛  王伟 《国际地震动态》2009,(6):8-14

本文通过对传统动力反应分析方法的总结,阐明了建立隐式和显式方法的一般思路及数学本质,提出了使用系统位移反应向量三阶导数的实用显式高阶积分方法,分析了该显式方法的精度和稳定性,并对建立更高阶隐式和显式方法以及方法的精度和稳定性作了初步讨论。结果表明,本文方法具有明显的优点。  相似文献   

地磁场子夜均值逐日动态演化特征及与汶川大地震关系研究     

张建国  陈化然  刘晓灿 《国际地震动态》2009,(7):31-34

利用我国地磁台网每天的“子夜均值”资料,应用高性能计算技术,建立中国地磁场动态演化模式,研究汶川5．12地震前后中国地磁异常场逐日演化特征。结果表明：地震前后地磁异常场变化特性较明显,在时间上有显著的阶段性特征,这可能反映了地震不同孕育阶段的特征。  相似文献   

Shallow groundwater dynamics in North China Plain     

WANG Shiqin  SONG Xianfang  WANG Qinxue  XIAO Guoqiang  LIU Changming  LIU Jianrong 《地理学报》2009,19(2):175-188

The groundwater level of 39 observation wells including 35 unconfined wells and 4 confined wells from 2004 to 2006 in North China Plain (NCP) was monitored using automatic groundwater monitoring data loggers KADEC-MIZU II of Japan. The automatic groundwater sensors were installed for the corporation project between China and Japan. Combined with the monitoring results from 2004 to 2006 with the major factors affecting the dynamic patterns of groundwater, such as topography and landform, depth of groundwater level, exploitation or discharge extent, rivers and lakes, the dynamic regions of NCP groundwater were gotten. According to the dynamic features of groundwater in NCP, six dynamic patterns of groundwater level were identified, including discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, lateral recharge– runoff–discharge pattern in the piedmont plain, recharge–discharge pattern in the central channel zone, precipitation infiltration–evaporation pattern in the shallow groundwater region of the central plain, lateral recharge–evaporation pattern in the recharge-affected area along the Yellow River and infiltration–discharge–evaporation pattern in the littoral plain. Based on this, the groundwater fluctuation features of various dynamic patterns were interpreted and the influencing factors of different dynamic patterns were compared.  相似文献   

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地几种植物根系分形特征   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6  

杨小林  张希明  李义玲  解婷婷  王伟华 《干旱区地理》2009,32(2)

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地采用全根挖掘法挖掘河西菊(Hexinia polydichowma(Ostenf.)H.L.Yang)、沙拐枣(Calligonuin roborovskii A.Los.)、罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)、阿克苏牛皮消(Cynanchum amplexicaule Hemsl)根系.运用分形理论对其分形特征进行研究,分析根系分支状况以及根系分形特征与拓扑特征之间的关系.研究发现:(1)在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地,四种植物根系具有很好的分形特征,分形维数大小与拓扑参数连接总数、外部连接数之间具有较好的相关关系.(2)根丰度是描述根系在土层中扩展能力的有效指标,与根系长度、平均连接长度之间具有很好的指数关系分别可以用以下方程表示:y1=2.7 694e1.5496x,y2=0.0369e2.0 267x(其中y1、y2分别为总根长、平均连接长度,R2分别为:0.9 353、0.9 832),根丰度直接反映了根系空间占有能力与营养物质的吸收效率.通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地四种植物根系分支状况与分形特征的研究表明.分形理论可以很好的反映根系空间占有能力与资源吸收效率,所以说分形理论是对根系几何、功能特征进行定量化研究的有效方法.  相似文献   

近15年来民勤湖区土地利用/覆盖动态与格局   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

颉耀文  袁春霞  张晓东 《干旱区地理》2009,32(3)

以1991年、1998年和2005年三期TM数据和其它辅助数据为基础,将遥感、GIS技术与景观格局分析方法相结合,在计算了土地利用程度综合指数、单一和双向动态变化以及面积、分维数、多样性、破碎度、优势度等景观指标的基础上,对近15年来民勤湖区的土地利用/覆盖变化进行了分析.结果表明,15年间各土地利用类型面积都有不同程度的增减,以耕地、荒漠草地和未利用土地的面积变化最为显著,其中耕地面积增长了9 385.47 hm<'2>,未利用土地面积减少8 616.87hm<'2>,荒漠草地面积减少949.49 hm<'2>;各土地利用类型之间的动态转化比较复杂,其中以沙地、林地和草地的空间变动程度较大;湖区整体景观异质性降低,多样性下降,优势度上升,15年来景观格局发生了较大变化;从宏观上看,荒漠进一步向绿洲逼近,绿洲有向西南方向后退的趋势.  相似文献   

干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王宏卫  塔两甫拉提·特依拜 《干旱区地理》2009,32(3)

土壤盐渍化作为主要的土地退化形式之一,已成为一个全球性问题.盐渍地的时空动态变化特征分析研究,是发展研究盐渍地动态监测与预报技术的重要基础工作之一,对于及时掌握盐渍化程度与分布,合理制定土地利用政策与生态改良措施,实现区域可持续发展等方面具有重要作用.针对目前塔里木盆地北缘地区广泛存在的土壤盐渍化问题,基于GIS和遥感变化检测方法,对渭-库绿洲1989、2001、2007年三个时期的盐渍地时空动态变化特征及其驱动力进行了分析.研究结果表明:1989-2007年间重度盐渍地的变化程度剧烈,呈剧烈增加态势;中轻度盐渍地面积减少,主要向重度盐渍地和非盐渍地转化;非盐渍地有所减少,主要向中轻度盐渍地和重度盐渍地转化;绿洲内部盐渍化程度有所降低,而绿洲外围盐渍化程度加剧;盐渍地重心具有向绿洲外围东南方向转移的趋势;通过分析盐渍地时空动态变化特征,表明盐渍地时空变化是一个极其复杂的过程,同时受到自然和人文两大系统的驱动,人为不合理的灌溉是促使土壤盐渍化的主要驱动力.研究为盐渍地时空动态分析与评价提供了普适性较强的实现方法,为构建盐渍地定量监测模型提供了一定科学依据.  相似文献